Cellular pathways exploited by SARS-CoV-2 for replication and immune evasion: a comprehensive analysis of viral hijacking mechanisms

Shanmukha Sreenivas Madras*

Independent Researcher, Livermore, California, USA

Refer this article

Shanmukha Sreenivas Madras, Cellular pathways exploited by SARS-CoV-2 for replication and immune evasion: a comprehensive analysis of viral hijacking mechanisms. International Journal of Therapeutic Innovation, November-December 2025, V3 – I6, Pages - 6 –15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.55522/ijti.v3i6.0136.

ABSTRACT

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shown incredible finesse in using the cellular machinery of its hosts to replicate itself while in addition escaping the host's immune system. This pivotal review covers the detailed and complex cellular mechanisms that SARS-CoV-2 employs to subvert various cellular processes within the host and focuses on some aspects of the virus cellular entry and replication processes and immune system evasion. After carefully collating the data that has been recently published, we have identified and described the virus mediated cellular subversion of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, autophagy, innate immune system and its signalling, and cellular metabolism. Our thorough understanding of these processes cellular subverted by SARS-CoV-2 will guide future therapeutic interventions, and will illuminate some of the complex and devious host–pathogen interactions that drive the pathology of COVID-19.

Keywords:

SARS-CoV-2, cellular pathways, viral replication, immune evasion, host-pathogen interactions, COVID-19.