International journal of therapeutic innovation
International Journal of Therapeutic Innovation, a journal of scientific research, publishes Original Research Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications, Case Studies, Clinical Images, Perspectives, Systematic reviews, Meta-analyses, Short communications, Research letters, Letters to the editor, and other articles of interest to medical, Pharmaceutical, and basic science professionals. As it relates to topics concerning the medical and pharmaceutical fields, the journal maintains an international scope and is considered the elite journal in the field of medicine and pharmaceuticals.
Solid lipid nanoparticle-based approaches for improving the bioavailability of low-solubility drugs: a detailed review
Poor aqueous solubility continues to be a critical barrier in the development of effective oral drug delivery systems, particularly for compounds classified under BCS Class II and IV. Although these molecules possess strong therapeutic promise, their clinical performance is often compromised by inadequate dissolution, restricted gastrointestinal absorption, and extensive first-pass metabolism. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have gained considerable attention as an advanced nanocarrier platform capable of overcoming these limitations by improving drug solubilization, stabilizing chemically sensitive molecules, enhancing membrane permeability, and enabling controlled or site-specific release. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts underlying SLN technology, including formulation principles, key preparation methods, and current characterization techniques. In addition, recent therapeutic applications of SLNs for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs are critically examined. The discussion also addresses existing challenges such as stability issues, drug expulsion, and scale-up complexities, along with potential safety considerations. Emerging innovations—such as targeted SLN systems, hybrid lipid matrices, and the integration of artificial intelligence in formulation design—are highlighted as promising directions for future development. Overall, SLNs represent a biocompatible and versatile nanotechnology platform with substantial potential to improve the clinical translation of poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents.
Solid lipid nanoparticles, Poorly soluble drugs, Bioavailability enhancement, Lipid-based nanocarriers, Solubility improvement, Nanotechnology.
Copyright (c) 2026 International journal of therapeutic innovation
Diffusion weighted MRI for the detection of myometrial invasion in carcinoma endometrium
Depth of myometrial invasion (<50% vs. >50%) is a critical prognostic factor in endometrial carcinoma, influencing the need for lymphadenectomy. MRI, particularly diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), is increasingly playing a role in preoperative assessment. To determine the diagnostic accuracy of DWI in detecting myometrial invasion compared to dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and T2-weighted (T2W) sequences, and to assess interobserver agreement. This retrospective study included 40 patients with surgically confirmed grade 1–2 endometroid adenocarcinoma who underwent preoperative MRI (T2W, DCE, and DWI). Two blinded radiologists independently assessed myometrial invasion. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive values, and interobserver agreement (kappa statistics) were calculated using histopathology as the reference standard. DWI demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy for both observers (92.5% and 90%), followed by DCE (90% and 82.5%) and T2W (72.5% and 70%). DWI showed the highest sensitivity (100% and 94.7%) and negative predictive value (100% and 94.7%). Accuracy of DWI was significantly better than T2W for both observers (p=0.004). In the subset with coexisting fibroids/adenomyosis (n=10), DWI maintained high accuracy (90%) and sensitivity (100%). Interobserver agreement was near-perfect for DWI (κ=0.849) versus moderate for DCE (κ=0.554) and T2W (κ=0.529). DWI outperforms T2W and is at least equivalent to DCE in assessing myometrial invasion, with excellent interobserver agreement. Given its advantages—no contrast requirement, shorter scan time, and utility in renal failure or contrast allergy—DWI has the potential to replace DCE in routine MRI protocols for endometrial carcinoma staging.
Endometrial carcinoma, Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), Myometrial invasion, MRI staging.
Ensuring excellence: health care quality standards and accreditation systems
Quality management in healthcare refers to systematic processes aimed at ensuring that healthcare services meet established standards of excellence. Accreditation ensures that institutions can meet patient needs with guaranteed quality thereby reducing medication errors and nosocomial infections and enhancing patient trust. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive approach which emphasizes on continuous improvement, customer satisfaction and involvement of all stakeholders in quality initiatives. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is an ongoing process which focusses on improving healthcare services and healthcare outcomes. Six sigma is a data driven methodology that aims to improve quality by reducing variability. Lean focusses on minimizing waste by identifying and eliminating activities that do not add value to the patient. Quality measurement is difficult in health care and various models have been suggested to measure dimensions of health care quality. Quality initiatives enhance perceived care quality whereas accreditation allows better resource utilization, meets population needs and strengthens professional standards.
Quality health care, Accreditation, NABH, JCI, TQM, CQI, Six sigma, Lean methodology.
Nanosuspension: an emerging nanotechnology for drug delivey system
Now a day’s nanotechnology is one of the advancement technique within the fields of medication. “Nano” way very small in length the particle length starting from 1-a thousand µm. Nano suspensions is particularly developed era within the subject of nano technological know-how. A pharmaceutical nano suspension is described as a totally finely colloid, biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in aqueous car, size beneath 1μm, without any matrix cloth, stabilized through surfactants & polymers, prepared through suitable techniques for drug shipping applications, by means of distinctive approaches of routes of administration like oral, topical, parenteral, ocular & pulmonary routes. A nano suspension no longer only solves the troubles of bad solubility and bioavailability, but additionally alters the pharmacokinetics of drug and for that reason improves drug protection and efficacy. Low bioavailability is one of the essential drawbacks associated with capsules which show negative aqueous solubility. The problem is even greater complex for capsules belonging to BCS class II as categorized with the aid of BCS classification system, showing negative solubility. Solubility in each aqueous and nanoqueous media including tablets like carbamazepine, itraconazole and so forth. Nano suspension, is an advancement era overcome those troubles concerning solubility
Bioavailability, Nanoparticle, Colloidal dispersion, Drug delivery, Nanosuspension, Solubility
Copyright (c) 2023 International journal of therapeutic innovation
Diuresis's importance in maintaining health and managing illness
Type and scope of diuretics: Diuretics are a group of drugs used to treat various diseases, including heart failure, hypertension (high blood pressure), glaucoma, liver and kidney diseases, or excess fluid accumulation in the body. Doctors have been prescribing them for decades. They come in many different shapes and sizes, including potassium-sparing diuretics, thiazides, loop diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics and natural diuretics. On the contrary, long-term application of these diuretics would inevitably bring about some toxic effects. Side effects of these drugs include electrolyte imbalance, changes in blood pressure, and treatment for disease conditions that are related to excess fluid retention in the body. To maximise the management of numerous medical conditions, diuretic use should be known by healthcare staff and understand how to cause diuresis with its associated removal of excess fluid from the body. Healthcare providers can also make informed decisions on treatment regimens for their patients if they understand diuretics and how they work. Now new modern lifestyle, each person needs to be alert and know how much water to drink daily and which type of food is healthy for our kidney system. In this article, everything is covered and discussed related to kidney function and health issues.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Potassium-sparing diuretics, loop diuretics, Thiazides, Osmotic diuretics, Elevated blood pressure, Heart failure.
Copyright (c) 2025 International journal of therapeutic innovation
Oxidative stress (OS)—an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant defences—links metabolic and neurological disorders such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and epilepsy. To synthesise mechanistic and translational evidence on oxidative stress biology, identify shared “redox hubs” (NRF2/KEAP1, NOX2, SIRT1/3–AMPK–FOXO), and outline their implications for pharmacist-led pharmacotherapy optimisation and biomarker-guided medication review. Structured search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, 2015–2025) following SANRA narrative-review criteria identified mechanistic and translational studies on oxidative stress, redox biomarkers, and pharmacological modulators. Across metabolic and neurological phenotypes, dysregulated redox signalling converges on three hubs: NRF2/KEAP1 (antioxidant and detoxifying control), NOX2 (enzymatic ROS source driving vascular and neural injury), and SIRT1/3–AMPK–FOXO (energy/redox integration). These nodes represent actionable pharmacotherapeutic targets informing pharmacist-led, biomarker-guided medication review. Integrating validated redox biomarkers into pharmacist-led medication review enables risk stratification, deprescribing, and precision monitoring across multimorbid populations. These findings support a pharmacist-led, biomarker-guided pharmacotherapy model integrating redox profiling into medication review and pharmacovigilance. Redox-guided pharmacotherapy provides a biologically coherent, clinically actionable framework for precision medication review in chronic disease management. Incorporating validated oxidative-stress biomarkers into pharmacist-led medication review may improve outcomes in multimorbid populations.
Oxidative stress; NRF2, NOX2, SIRT1/AMPK, Clinical pharmacy, Medication review.
A review literature on rice water for hair mask
The project Formulation and Evaluation of herbal hair mask aims to develop an effective hair mask using natural ingredients to improve hair health and address common hair issues such as dryness, damage, and hair scalp problems Hair care is a vital aspect of personal hygiene and self- presentation, yet many individuals face issues such as dandruff, hair fall, dryness due to stress, hormonal imbalance, poor nutrition, and the frequent use of chemical- based products. In response, this project presents the development of an herbal hair mask formulated entirely from natural ingredients. the mask incorporates traditional ayurvedic components including rice water, aloe vera gel, rose water, lavender oil, coconut oil, milk protein, etc. the mask also incorporates milk protein for nourishment, vitamin E for antioxidants protection, rosemary oil for stimulating hair growth, coconut oil for deep conditioning, aloe vera gel for soothing and moisturizing, rose water for its hydrating aromatic properties The formulation process involves precise blending of these ingredients to achieve consistent and effective hair mask .evaluation include phytochemical analysis to identify the active components. The mask demonstrates excellent moisturising, strengthening, and protective properties, making it suitable for regular use to maintain healthy, shiny, and resilient hair.
Rice water, Hair mask, Natural ingredients, Hair health, Antioxidant protection, Rosemary oil.
Nanoparticles as a drug delivery system: physicochemical properties, disease treatment
Due to the quick process in nanotechnology, the medical field has been using nanomaterials a lot recently. Because they have qualities, such as tiny size, adjustable surfaces, and strong bonding with other molecules, they are both water-loving and water-hating. They are ideally prepared for target-specific and controlled delivery of micro and macromolecules in the disease state. They have an outstanding performance towards bioavailability, bio-efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Nanotechnology has a great impact on the global economy and global standards of living. Nanotechnology has revolutionised all aspects of daily living, from the medical industry to the food industry. This review summarises the characteristics of nanoparticles that have potentially toxic effects. The applications in other biological fields and the nanoparticle drug delivery system in disease treatment.
Nanotechnology, liposomes, nanoparticles.
Cellular pathways exploited by SARS-CoV-2 for replication and immune evasion: a comprehensive analysis of viral hijacking mechanisms
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shown incredible finesse in using the cellular machinery of its hosts to replicate itself while in addition escaping the host's immune system. This pivotal review covers the detailed and complex cellular mechanisms that SARS-CoV-2 employs to subvert various cellular processes within the host and focuses on some aspects of the virus cellular entry and replication processes and immune system evasion. After carefully collating the data that has been recently published, we have identified and described the virus mediated cellular subversion of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, autophagy, innate immune system and its signalling, and cellular metabolism. Our thorough understanding of these processes cellular subverted by SARS-CoV-2 will guide future therapeutic interventions, and will illuminate some of the complex and devious host–pathogen interactions that drive the pathology of COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2, cellular pathways, viral replication, immune evasion, host-pathogen interactions, COVID-19.
A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and chemical composition of Abrus precatorius Linn: therapeutic potential and safety concerns
Abrus precatorius Linn, commonly known as rosary pea or jequirity, is a perennial climbing shrub belonging to the Fabaceae family. This plant is renowned for its traditional medicinal uses across various cultures, particularly in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, where it is utilized for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. The phytochemical composition of A. precatorius is diverse, containing a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. Notably, the seeds contain abrin, a potent ribosome-inactivating protein that poses significant toxicological risks, making safety a primary concern. This review systematically examines the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of A. precatorius, exploring its therapeutic potential alongside safety concerns. Future research directions are identified, highlighting the need for studies focused on the pharmacokinetics of its active constituents, the standardization of detoxification methods, and the development of safer formulations. Comprehensive clinical trials are essential to validate traditional uses and explore new therapeutic applications while ensuring patient safety.
Abrus precatorius, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, abrin, traditional medicine, therapeutic potential, safety concerns.
Need and opportunity in health management and education
In order to resolve the multifaceted issues faced by worldwide healthcare systems, health management and education are necessary factors. In chronic diseases, upcoming new infections and new life style-based diseases factors are increasing demand to requires special protection, extra precautions and expert health education. If the people’s groups and society of human take right decision, adopt right life style can prevent self and whole the community, this true education of health. In this review article we covered all the basic need of health educations contents and some new policy and guidelines of regulatory authorities discussed.
Oral thin films, Mucoadhesive films, Bioavailability, Drug delivery system.
Innovations in oral thin films: from formulation science to clinicalapplications
Oral thin films (OTFs), sometimes called fast-dissolving films, have emerged as an innovative, alternative dosage delivery system intended to resolve the drawbacks of traditional oral dosage forms such as tablets or capsules. OTFs are defined as very thin (less than 50 µm), flexible polymeric strips containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and display rapid disintegration without the need for water, dissolved in the oral cavity, enhancing patient compliance in particular populations, including children, geriatrics, and dysphagic patients. Other advantages OTFs offer patients include predictable, swift onset of action; first-pass metabolism avoidance; bioavailability increases and patient convenience, while limitations include drug-loading capacity, fragility, and hygroscopicity. OTFs' formulation components are summarised with specific details on polymers, plasticisers, surfactants, sweeteners and flavouring agents; and OTFs manufacturing processes, including solvent casting, hot-melt extrusion, electrospinning, and printing technologies. Novel OTFs, including SOLULEAVES™, FOAMBURST™, and XGEL™, helps expanded OTF's many possible uses. Product evaluation parameters (e.g., drug content uniformity, disintegration time, tensile strength, stability) help ensure product quality and effectiveness. They are commercially marketed for seizure management, migraine relief, smoking cessation, vaccine delivery, and promising applications for probiotics, herbal therapy, and individual medicine. Overall, it represents a novel platform with enormous therapeutic potential for patients and significant opportunities for development in the future.
Formulation and evaluation of face serum by clitoria ternatea andmanjistha
This study explores the formulation and potential benefits of a natural face serum incorporating Clitoria Ternatea (butterfly pea) and Rubia Cordifolia (manjistha powder) known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The synergetic action of this herb in serum form provides a natural and holistic approach to skin care, promoting a healthy, even –toned, and youthful appearance. This botanical ingredient was combined in a lightweight, non – comedogenic serum. Clitoris ternatea is rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids that help fight oxidative stress, enhance skin elasticity and promote a radiant complexion. Manjistha a traditional ayurvedic herb, support skin detoxification, improve blood circulation and aids in reducing pigmentation and acne scars. This formulation aims to meet growing consumer demand for plantbased skincare alternative
Extraction of Clitoria Ternatea flower, Manjistha powder oil, Natural skincare, Anti-aging.
Personalized medicine in oncology: advancements, difficulties, and prospects
Precision medicine, also called personalised medicine, is broadly defined as treating patients based on characteristics that distinguish them from other individuals with the same disease. The factors that contribute to the uniqueness of a patient and his or her cancer include, but are not limited to, the person’s and tumor’s genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, microbiome, metabolome, the immune characteristics of the person and of cancer, disease presentation, gender, ancestry, exposures, lifestyle, and comorbidities. Currently, genomics is the predominant factor influencing precision medicine, but as we learn more about the additional factors, such as epigenomics, proteogenomics, metabolomics and tumor immune characteristics, we have begun to integrate this knowledge to further refine the personalized approach to cancer treatment. Although Genomic and epigenomic profiling of a patient and of his or her tumor is becoming a routine in the clinic. There is a lot of excitement about the idea of "individualised" medicine. The concept of personalised medicine stems from the idea that since each person has distinct and varied traits at the molecular, physiological, behavioural, and environmental exposure levels, they may require interventions for diseases that are specific to these traits. New technologies like wireless health monitoring devices, imaging procedures, proteomics, and DNA sequencing have shown significant inter-individual diversity in disease processes, which has partially confirmed this idea. This review takes into account the reasons behind personalised medicine, its historical forerunners, the new technologies that are making it possible, some recent experiences, including both successes and failures, methods for screening and implementing personalised medications, and future directions, such as possible approaches to treating people with sterility and fertility problems. We also take into account personalised medicine's present shortcomings. Ultimately, we contend that because biological facts underlie some parts of personalised medicine, personalised medical practices in some contexts are probably inevitable, particularly if pertinent tests and deployment tactics grow more effective and economical. If applied properly, precision medicine could help solve the issues of cancer health inequities and transform the way that cancer is treated.
Precision medicine, Personalized medicine, Cancer, Cancer treatment, Genomics.
Formulation and evaluation of a Moringa-based herbal kadha tablet as a convenient immune-boosting health supplement
The increasing global preference for natural, plant-based health solutions has renewed interest in traditional herbal remedies like kadha, a decoction of medicinal herbs widely used in Ayurveda for its immune-boosting properties. This research focuses on the formulation, optimisation, and evaluation of a ready-to-use herbal kadha tablet based on Moringa oleifera, known for its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic value. Additional ingredients such as Amla, Tulsi, Ginger, Cinnamon, and Cardamom were incorporated to enhance the formulation’s effectiveness and sensory appeal. Two formulations (F1 and F2) were developed and assessed using organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical testing, and Physical parameters. Formula F1 emerged as the superior formulation, exhibiting better solubility (3.8 ± 0.2 min), higher water absorption (85.3%), acceptable ash value (5.2%), and favourable sensory characteristics. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and reducing sugars, supporting the tablet’s therapeutic potential. The study concludes that the moringa-based kadha tablet offers a convenient, stable, and effective alternative to traditional decoctions, aligning with modern lifestyles while preserving Ayurvedic principles. This innovation has strong potential in the growing market of herbal immunity-boosting products
Moringa, Drum steak, Immunity, Immune Booster, Cinnamon, Antidiabetic, Nutritional supplement.
Palatal mucoepidermoid carcinoma mimicking benign lesions: integratingclinical, histopathological, and Immuno histochemical insights
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands, yet its clinicopathological overlap with benign and malignant mimics poses significant diagnostic challenges. We report a low-grade MEC of the posterior hard palate in a 20-year old female and integrate recent literature on grading, molecular genetics and management. Thorough histopathological evaluation—including special stains, immunohistochemistry and assessment of the AFIP criteria—enabled accurate diagnosis, guiding conservative surgical excision and an excellent two-year outcome. This report underscores the pivotal role of integrated diagnostics in minor-gland MEC and highlights evolving molecular and therapeutic strategies
A review on bioactive properties of piper betel leaf and its application in cosmetology
Betel leaf (Piper betel) extract offers many benefits for cosmetology, including skin lightening and wound healing. It's used in topical formulations like creams to diminish hyperpigmentation and melanin content. Betel leaf also has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, making it valuable for treating skin conditions like itching, pain, and acne. The leaves contain a variety of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, all of which contribute to the constructive role in cosmetology. An extensive assortment of bioactive substances from betel leaf extracts and essential oil (EO), such as polyphenols and terpenes, has been found. The extract and essential oil bio-actives have been considered structurally and functionally using a variety of cutting-edge standard techniques. The current review covers a systematic explanation of extraction methods, bioactive component identification, and their activities.
Fatal case of aplastic anemia associated with parvovirus B19 infection: a case report
Parvovirus B19 is a recognised cause of transient aplastic crisis in individuals with haemolytic disorder. However, reports are scarce that this virus is causative of acquired aplastic anaemia even in healthy individuals. Hence, we report a case of Parvovirus B19-induced aplastic anaemia in a previously healthy individual.
Non-invasive ventilation, Acute heart failure, CPAP, IPAP, EPAP, Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Early use of non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure to reduce catastrophic end results – a prospective study
Acute heart failure (AHF) syndromes may be accompanied by significant respiratory failure (RF) and is commonly seen in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPE) or cardiogenic shock (CS). Use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been proven to be useful in the treatment of moderate to severe RF in several scenarios. Non-invasive ventilation is effective in ACPE by reducing both respiratory distress and the rate of endotracheal intubation when compared to conventional oxygen therapy. Still, the effect on mortality remains less conclusive. In this article, we will highlight and discuss about the need for early NIV support in patients with AHF, depending on the early selection of patients with AHF, early application of NIV, the correct instructions and achievement of synchronisation between the patient and the ventilator settings and, in some cases, mild sedation may prove the success of the technique.
A review on basics of pharmaceutical antiviral drug
Eleven drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of viral infections (other than those caused by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 {HIV-1} or those complicating such infection) will be reviewed in this article. Antiviral drug design could, in principle, be targeted at either viral proteins or cellular proteins. The first approach is likely to yield more specific, less toxic compounds, with a narrow spectrum of antiviral activity and a higher likelihood of virus drug-resistance development.
Antiviral agent, antiviral drug MOA (mechanism of action), Strategies in the design of antiviral drugs.
To see the effect of glenohumeral joint mobilization vs scapular proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on pain function on scapular dyskinesia associated with adhesive capsulitis
Purpose of the Study: The study aims to determine the efficacy of PNF and MWM techniques in scapular dyskinesia associated with adhesive capsulitis. Methodology: Fifty subjects both male and female aged between 40 to 50 years with the diagnosis of Adhesive capsulitis were selected directly from Physiotherapy OPD at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital Jaipur. These individuals were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A [Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation group (n=25)] and Group B [movement with mobilization group (n=25)]. Group A received Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique and Group B received movement with mobilization of Glen humeral Joint with both groups also applied combination therapy (TENS & UST). The participants underwent 24 sessions. The intervention duration of both groups received 10 repetitions for 3 sets and interval period for 1 min for 3 sessions per week over a period of 8th weeks, 40 minutes per session. Data Collection: The therapy progress was evaluated by outcome measures (pain was measured using VAS scale, Scapular asymmetry was measured using LSST and pain & functional ability was measured using SPADI scale), at 0 day, at the end of 3rd week, 6th week and 8th week. Results and Conclusion: Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in pain and function in scapular dyskinesia associated with adhesive capsulitis. Group B, mulligan mobilization with movement technique with combination therapy was more effective in relieving pain and restoring functional mobility among patients with Scapular Dyskinesia.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Glen humeral Joint Mobilization, Adhesive Capsulitis, Scapular Dyskinesia, Functional Ability.
Artificial comprehensive review on design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of chromone-based derivatives as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents
Chromone (4H-chromen-4-one) represents a privileged heterocyclic scaffold widely distributed in nature and synthetic compounds, exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. The structural versatility of chromone nucleus allows strategic modifications at various positions to develop novel therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review consolidates recent advances in the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of chromone-based derivatives, with particular emphasis on sulfonamide-chromone conjugates, 2-aminochromone bis-triazole hybrids, and 3-substituted chromones. The synthetic methodologies discussed include Vilsmeier-Haack formylation, Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry). Structure-activity relationship studies reveal that substitution patterns significantly influence antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potency. This review aims to guide medicinal chemists in rational design and development of chromone-based therapeutics.
Chromone, Sulfonamide, 1,2,3-triazole, Antibacterial activity, Anti-inflammatory, Click chemistry, Vilsmeier-Haack reaction.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in hospital pharmacy: a comprehensive review
This review examines the evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical and hospital pharmacy services. A comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, covering studies up to July 2025, identified research using keywords such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, clinical pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, medication management, and decision support systems. Selected studies discussing AI applications, benefits, challenges, and outcomes were analysed through narrative synthesis. Findings show that AI strengthens pharmacy operations by improving inventory accuracy, reducing medication errors, enhancing dispensing safety, and streamlining drug distribution. Machine learning and decision support tools support therapy selection, predict medication demand, detect drug–drug interactions, and promote personalised care. AI adoption also improves workflow efficiency, reduces administrative tasks, and enhances pharmacist training. Originally developed for complex computational tasks, AI now transforms healthcare through digital record keeping, automation, and diagnostic tools. Its growing use in drug discovery, formulation development, and hospital pharmacy highlights its expanding impact on professional pharmacy practice.
Artificial intelligence (AI), Machine learning, Clinical pharmacy, Hospital pharmacy, Medication management, Decision support systems, Inventory management, Medication errors, Drug–drug interactions, Personalised care, Pharmacy automation, Pharmacist training, Drug distribution, Digital health, Diagnostic technologies, Drug discovery, Formulation development.
Applications of Oxygen-enhancing plants used in the house to enhance the oxygen-rich environments for combating pollution challenges
In modern day’s urban cities areas are facing air pollutions. It has been seen that urban cities areas situated homes environment having also polluted air present age much high. The bad air quality of indoor home increases the air related diseases in persons such as asthma, sneezing, headache, heart related problems etc. The problems of indoor house air quality can manage by using oxygen rich indoor plants and cottons. It has been seen that the possibilities of oxygen-enhancing these indoor plants are buildup sustainable environment and reduce indoor air pollution and get better human health. In this review articles covered the name of oxygen richest plants, advantages and their applications.
Oxygen-Enhancing indoor plants, Roles of reactive oxygen species, Antioxidant enzymes, Health, Air quality assessment, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Waste-derived nutritional seed balls coated with mycorrhizal inoculum: a one health perspective
The fast-paced agriculture development has increased risks to human and environmental health due to over use of hemical fertilizers and pesticides. We are at the verge of finding sustainable solution to this problem. Nutritional seed balls constructed from oil seed meals and waste-derived binders, and coated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Ectomycorrhiza (ECM), present a promising solution. A nutrient-rich carriers and biodegradable binders ensure stability and environmental compatibility. The fungal inoculation of both AMF and ECM enhances plant nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and root health that reduces fertilizer dependency. The vital role of this system is in its alignment with the One Health paradigm by supporting human, animal, plant, and environmental well-being. T hese seed ball will not only be useful in agriculture but also in nurseries, agroforestry, and reforestation programs that shows that they are versatile and has great potential for large-scale application. This review synthesizes current evidence on their agronomic benefits, waste valorization potential, and role in advancing sustainable agriculture and food security.
Nutritional seed balls, Waste-derived binders, Oilseed meals, AMF, ECM, Mycorrhizal inoculum, Biodegradable seed coating, Sustainable agriculture, One Health, Soil health, Circular bioeconomy, Food security.
Factors associated with treatment outcomes in hospitalized patients withprimary hypertension: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Vietnam
Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet blood pressure control remains suboptimal in many clinical settings, particularly among hospitalized patients with complex clinical profiles. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to identify patient-related and treatment-related factors associated with treatment outcomes in hospitalized patients with primary hypertension. The study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Can Tho Central General Hospital, Vietnam, from January to June 2024, and included 378 inpatient medical records of patients diagnosed with primary hypertension. Treatment outcome was defined as achievement of target blood pressure at discharge according to the 2022 Vietnam National Heart Association guidelines. Demographic characteristics, clinical variables, comorbidities, renal function, body mass index, antihypertensive treatment regimens, and clinically significant drug-drug interactions were analyzed. At discharge, 97.1% of patients achieved target blood pressure, with mean systolic blood pressure decreasing from 171.4 ± 15.9 mmHg to 124.1 ± 16.4 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure decreasing from 91.5 ± 11.6 mmHg to 81.9 ± 12.9 mmHg. Failure to achieve target blood pressure was significantly associated with older age, higher hypertension stage, elevated serum creatinine, overweight or obesity, inappropriate antihypertensive prescribing, suboptimal treatment regimens, and clinically significant drug-drug interactions. These findings demonstrate the multifactorial nature of blood pressure control in hospitalized patients and provide evidence to support targeted strategies for improving treatment outcomes in inpatient hypertension management.
Hypertension, Treatment outcomes, Hospitalized patients, Blood pressure control, Associated factors
Assessment of anticancer potential in Caesalpinia Bondoc: a comparison between leaf and kernel extracts
This study presents a comparative evaluation of the anticancer activity of leaf and seed extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc. Ethyl acetate extracts were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction technique to isolate the plant’s bioactive constituents. C. bonduc was selected due to its long history in traditional medicine and its reported pharmacological potential. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were assessed against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, a widely used cell line in breast cancer research.The experimental results indicate that both leaf and seed extracts possess notable anticancer properties, demonstrated by their ability to reduce cell viability and inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that C. bonduc contains potent bioactive compounds capable of inducing growth inhibition or cell death in cancer cells. Further investigation into the specific phytochemicals responsible for these effects and their underlying mechanisms may support the development of novel plant-based anticancer agents. Overall, this study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the value of medicinal plants in cancer research and highlights the significance of traditional knowledge in guiding modern therapeutic discoveries.
Caesalpinia bonduc, Soxhlet extraction, Ethyl acetate, MTT assay, Anticancer activity, MCF-7 cells, Breast cancer, Bioactive compounds, Cytotoxicity, Natural products, Traditional medicine, Plant-based therapies, Cell viability, Cancer treatment.
Formulation and evaluation of herbal syrup for its anti-obesity properties
<!-- [if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="Graphic_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:34.55pt; margin-top:47.7pt;width:526.3pt;height:.5pt;z-index:-15727616;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:0;mso-wrap-distance-top:0; mso-wrap-distance-right:0;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0; mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page; mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text; v-text-anchor:top' coordsize="6684009,6350" o:gfxdata="[binary] " path="m6684009,l,,,6096r6684009,l6684009,xe" fillcolor="black" stroked="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchorx="page"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> Herbal medicine, which uses fruit extract for therapeutic purposes, is where the majority of herbal syrups originated. In addition to alternative dosages from herbal medications, syrup formulations are also available. Nowadays, syrup is used to treat a wide range of conditions and alleviate sickness symptoms.
AI chatbots, mental health, emotional intelligence, depression, anxiety, human-AI interaction, ethical implications.
A review on Pharmacovigilance and drug safety post-marketing surveillance
<!-- [if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="Graphic_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:34.55pt; margin-top:94.45pt;width:526.2pt;height:.5pt;z-index:-15728128;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:0;mso-wrap-distance-top:0; mso-wrap-distance-right:0;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0; mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page; mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text; v-text-anchor:top' coordsize="6682740,6350" o:gfxdata="[binary] " path="m6682740,l,,,5851r6682740,l6682740,xe" fillcolor="black" stroked="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchorx="page"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> Drug students play an important role in ensuring drug safety by monitoring unwanted drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug problems once drugs enter the market. This review examines the importance of subsequent market surveillance (PMS) for the identification, evaluation and prevention of side effects that may not be recognized by side effects. Various pharmacy systems, regulatory framework conditions, and reporting mechanisms used around the world are being discussed, highlighting their impact on public health and drug safety. Issues related to reporting, data management and regulatory harmonization can also be examined. This check concludes with recommendations to improve drug students' practices to improve patient safety and optimize the effectiveness of the drug in a real environment.
Pharmacovigilance, Drug Safety, Post-Marketing Surveillance, Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), Risk Management, Regulatory Frameworks, Drug Monitoring, Public Health, Spontaneous Reporting, Signal Detection.
Impact on mental health problems during coxsackievirus outbreak in the general public: Narrative review
<!-- [if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="Graphic_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:34.55pt; margin-top:140.85pt;width:526.3pt;height:.5pt;z-index:-15727104;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:0;mso-wrap-distance-top:0; mso-wrap-distance-right:0;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0; mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page; mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text; v-text-anchor:top' coordsize="6684009,6350" o:gfxdata="[binary] " path="m6684009,l,,,6096r6684009,l6684009,xe" fillcolor="black" stroked="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchorx="page"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> Coxsackievirus group B (CVB), a member of the Picornaviridae family and enterovirus genus, poses risks during pregnancy due to its potential to cause severe fetal and neonatal infections. Transmission primarily occurs through fecal–oral routes, with infections peaking mostly in warmer months. Vertical transmission to the fetus can lead to conditions such as myocarditis, encephalitis, and systemic neonatal disease, presenting clinically as severe myocardial syndromes and neurological deficits. Diagnostic challenges include detecting asymptomatic maternal infections and conducting in utero assessments using advanced techniques like RT-PCR from amniotic fluid samples should be encouraged. Morbidity and mortality associated with congenital CVB infections are notable. Current treatments are limited to supportive care, with emerging therapies showing promise but requiring further study for efficacy. Mental health impact due to this virus results in speech development failure and autistic feature. Future research should aim to fill knowledge gaps in epidemiology, improve diagnostic capabilities, and develop targeted interventions to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes and other health issues due to this virus.
Enterovirus, Neonatal illness, Neurological deficits, mental health.